Winter+Trimester+Exam

=Thursday, March 4, 2010=

Here is the AP equation sheet with equations and constants that you will have available to you on the winter exam.

The exam covers material from chapters 6 through 9.


 * 1) define energy and temperature
 * 2) calculate heat (q) using mCDT equation
 * 3) writing thermochemical equations
 * 4) sign of DH for endothermic and exothermic reactions
 * 5) stoichiometry calculations with thermochemical equations
 * 6) Hess's law of heat summation (find DH for a reaction using Hess's law)
 * 7) standard enthalpy of formations (find DH for a reaction using summation of product enthalpies - summation of reactant entalpies)

Chapter 7

 * 1) Properties of light
 * 2) be able to calculate wavelength, frequency, and energy of photons of light (equations and constants are given on the equation sheet)
 * 3) know the type of electromagnetic radiation from low energy to high energy: radio, micro, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma
 * 4) know the colors of the visible spectrum from low energy to high energy: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
 * 5) wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional
 * 6) wavelength and energy are inversely proportional
 * 7) frequency and energy are directly proportional
 * 8) Principle energy levels in an atom
 * 9) Bohr model of the atom
 * 10) as principle energy level (n) increases the electron is farther from the nucleus
 * 11) maximum number of electrons in a principle energy level?
 * 12) energy sublevels: s, p, d, f
 * 13) energy of orbitals: s < p < d < f
 * 14) Writing electron configurations
 * 15) Aufbau principle
 * 16) Hund's rule
 * 17) Pauli's exclusion principle
 * 18) write complete electron configurations
 * 19) be able to write noble-gas shorthand notations
 * 20) identify the valence shell and count the number of valence electrons in an atom
 * 21) draw a Lewis dot diagram for the valence shells of atoms
 * 22) draw orbital diagrams using boxes and arrows to show the number of paired and unpaired electrons in an atom
 * 23) Atomic Radius
 * 24) trend on the periodic table
 * 25) why does the radius increase going down a group of elements?
 * 26) why does the radius of an atom decrease moving left to right across a period on the table?
 * 27) positive ions (cations) are smaller in size than the neutral atom
 * 28) negative ions (anions) are larger in size than the neutral atom
 * 29) Ionization Energy
 * 30) trend on the periodic table
 * 31) define ionization energy
 * 32) why does ionization energy decrease moving down a group of elements?
 * 33) why does ionization energy increase moving left to right across a period on the table?

Chapter 8

 * 1) electron configurations for ions
 * 2) which electrons are lost when a cation forms
 * 3) define ionic bonding
 * 4) Covalent Bonding
 * 5) relate bond length, bond energy, and bond order
 * 6) draw Lewis dot structures for molecules with elements that obey the octet rule
 * 7) label a covalent bond as polar or nonpolar
 * 8) define electronegativity

Chapter 9

 * 1) define VSEPR theory
 * 2) distinguish between bonding pairs of electrons and lone pairs
 * 3) classify molecules in the AXE classifications
 * 4) identify the shape (or geometry) of a molecule
 * 5) determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar
 * 6) identify the type of hybridization on an atom in a molecule
 * 7) how many hybrid orbitals are used in a single bond?
 * 8) how many hybrid orbitals are used in a double bond?
 * 9) how many hybrid orbitals are used in a triple bond?